Dye used to make Blue M&Ms and Blue Gatorade Linked to Reducing Spinal Cord Injury
The
same blue food dye found in M&Ms and Gatorade could be used to
reduce damage caused by spine injuries, offering a better chance of
recovery, according to new research. Researchers at the University of
Rochester Medical Center found that when they injected the compound
Brilliant Blue G (BBG) into rats suffering spinal cord injuries, the
rodents were able to walk again, albeit with a limp. The only side
effect was that the treated mice temporarily turned blue. The results
of the study, published in the "Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences," build on research conducted by the same center five years
ago. In August 2004, scientists revealed how Adenosine triphosphate,
which is known as ATP and described as the "energy currency of life,"
surges to the spinal cord soon after injury occurs. Researchers found
that the sudden influx of ATP killed off healthy cells, making the
initial injury far worse. But when they injected oxidized ATP into the
injury, it was found to block the effect of ATP, allowing the injured
rats to recover and walk again. "While we achieved great results when
oxidized ATP was injected directly into the spinal cord, this method
would not be practical for use with spinal cord-injured patients," said
lead researcher Maiken Nedergaard, professor of Neurosurgery and
director of the Center for Translational Neuromedicine at the
University of Rochester Medical Center. "First, no one wants to put a
needle into a spinal cord that has just been severely injured, so we
knew we needed to find another way to quickly deliver an agent that
would stop ATP from killing healthy motor neurons. Second, the compound
we initially used, oxidized ATP, cannot be injected into the
bloodstream because of its dangerous side effects." Back in 2004,
Nedergaard's team discovered that the spinal cord was rich in a
molecule called P2X7, which is also known as "the death receptor" for
its ability to allow ATP to latch onto motor neurons and send the
signals which eventually kill them. Nedergaard knew that BBG could
thwart the function of P2X7, and its similarity to a blue food dye
approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982 gave her the
confidence to test it intravenously. It worked. The rats given BBG
immediately after their injury could walk again with a limp. Those that
didn't receive a dose never regained their mobility. Nedergaard told
CNN that there is currently no standard treatment for patients with
spinal injury when they reach the hospital emergency room. "Right now
we only treat 15 percent of the patients we receive with steroids and
many hospitals question if that even works for that 15 percent; it's a
very moderate benefit to only a subset of patients. So right now 85
percent of patients are untreated," she said. Nedergaard said the
research team isn't claiming that BBG can cure spinal injuries, instead
that it offers a potential improvement in patients' condition. "Even a
moderate improvement in functional performance of the patient is a big,
big event for these patients," she said. "They can control their
bladder. If they can just take small steps instead of sitting in a
wheelchair all the time, it's a tremendous benefit for these patients,"
she added. The dose must be administered immediately after the injury,
before additional tissue dies as a result of the initial injury.
Researchers are currently pulling together an application to be lodged
with the FDA to stage the first clinical trials of BBG on human
patients. "Our hope is that this work will lead to a practical, safe
agent that can be given to patients shortly after injury, for the
purpose of decreasing the secondary damage that we have to otherwise
expect," said Steven Goldman, Chair of the University of Rochester
Department of Neurology.
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12489
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